CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
High speed reading is read
the quick and effective type of reading that focuses on speed, with no
understanding of this aspect of the text thus, a person in reading not only the
speed but also the benchmark of understanding accompanied by readings. In high
speed reading, there are some techniques and one of those techniques is scanning. Scanning is a part
of reading technique, especially high speed reading. In scanning technique,
many things should be known especially by the readers but it is different in
the fact. Many people do not understand what is scanning, the function, and how
to use it.
Therefore, in this paper it
will be explained more detail about scanning technique in order that the
readers understand what scanning technique is.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Based on the background of the study above, the
problems can be formulated as follow:
1.
What is the scanning technique?
2.
What are the advantages / purpose of the scanning
technique?
3.
How do scanning technique?
1.3 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Based on the problem statement, the objective can be
formulated as follows:
1. To know what the
scanning technique is.
2. To know what the
advantages of scanning technique.
3. To know how to
do scanning technique.
CHAPTER II
RESEARCH
2.1 THE SCANING
TECHNIQUE
When the readers scan, look for the author's use of
organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or
next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size,
style, or colour. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.
Similarly, scanning skills are valuable for several
purposes in studying science. First, they are an aid in locating new terms,
which are introduced in the chapter. Unless the readers understand the new
terms, it is impossible to follow the author's reasoning without dictionary or
glossary. Thus a preliminary scanning of the chapters will alert the readers to
the new terms and concepts and their sequence. When the readers locate a new
term, try to find its definition. If they are not able to figure out the
meaning, then look it up in the glossary or dictionary. (Note: usually new
terms are defined as they are introduced in science texts. If text does not
have a glossary, it is a good idea to keep a glossary of your own in the front
page of the book. Record the terms and their definition or the page number
where the definition is located. This is an excellent aid to refer to when we
are reviewing for an examination, as it provides a convenient outline of the
course).
Secondly, scanning is useful in locating statements,
definitions, formulas, etc. which you must remember completely and precisely.
Scan to find the exact and complete statement of a chemical law. The formula of a particular compound in chemistry, or
the stages of cell division. Also, scan the charts and figures, for they
usually summarize in graphic form the major ideas and facts of the chapter.
2.2
THE ADVANTAGES OF SCANNING TECHNIQUE
There are advantages of scanning
technique;
Scanning technique can save much
time, and it also makes us easy to understand the point of the text. Besides it
can increase our brain’s ability in reading and understanding text quickly and accurately.
By this quick reading technique readers
can find information that has been determined by the readers. This kind of
reading technique is useful for searching information as soon as possible. By
using this technique, people can learn to read to understand with the quick
way.
HOW TO DO SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Scanning is the speed reading
techniques that everyone needs to possess. This guide will explain when to use
this technique, and how to do it. Scanning as a post-reading activity.
Scanning is used to quickly locate the specific information you need later for
a report, discussion, etc.
How
to do Scanning Technique:
v Remember what
you are looking for so you will not be distracted by other pieces of
information.
v Anticipate how
the information looks – is it identified by numbers, italics, proper nouns,
etc.
v Run your eyes
over several lines at one time
v When you find
the information you are looking for, focus your eyes and attention there and
read the entire sentence. You may also need to read the sentence before and
after as well.
When you understand what scanning is
and how to use this technique, you can manage a large amount of text in a
relatively short amount of time. Scanning skills allow you to use your time
both efficiently and effectively.
Example:
Read
scans for example read looking for a meaning of the word in a dictionary, read,
show broadcast on Television, read the travel list, find the phone number in
the phone book, reading the menu list to eat at the restaurant, reading lesson
schedule, find on the Bulletin Board, find the topic in the table of contents
of a book etc.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
Scanning is high-speed skill of reading. Scanning is the
technique you use when you're looking up a name in the phone book or
dictionary. When you scan, you have a question in mind; you do not every word,
only the word that answer your question. Scanning involves moving eyes quickly
and we use our finger to guide your eyes over the page to find particular words
or phrases what you need. Practice in scanning will help you learn to skip over
unimportant words, so that you can read faster.
Identifying Topic of Paragraph
PREFACE
Alhamduliilah
all praises and thanks Allah SWT,until we can finishing this paper for
learning, May sholawat and salam always be our prophet Muhammad SAW. Thank you
very much to lecturer “Aang Fatakhul Islam” and all of my friends having given
some suggestion,critics,support.
Language
is very important to our communication. English includes four skill :
Listening, speaking,reading,writing.
The
successful communication of any author’s topic is only as good as the
organization the author uses to build and define his/her subject matter. Understanding and identifying topic of paragraph is trying
this topic-finding strategy.
Locating the topic, main idea, and
supporting details helps you understand the point(s) the writer is attempting
to express. Identifying the relationship between these will increase your comprehension.
Jombang, 07 April 2012
Writers
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………….........................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….
A.
Baground of
the problem ………………………………………
B.
The
identification of problem
…………………………………........
C.
The
formulation of problem ……………………………………….
D.
Purpose ……………………………………….
Advantage ………………………………………
CHAPTER II UNDERSTANDING
PARAGRAPH :
Identifying
Topic of Paragraph ………………………………
CHAPTER III CONCLUSSION
AND SUGGESTION ………………………
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A.
Baground of the Problem
Language is
very important in human life. Language is means of communication. Without a
language, a person cannot communicate with others. English is a language in the
world. People call it a international language. In our school, the English
language has been given since the fourth grade of the elementary school up to
university.
Most people
in the world from the different countries and nations speak language. Also,
many scientific studies such as education, science, religion, technology,
commerce or politic are written in the language.
English
is the first foreign language in our country, which is taught from Elementary
level to University level. There are four main skills in
English: those are reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Reading and
listening are called receptive skill, in which people need the ability to
receive written or spoken language when they do it. While speaking and writing
are called productive skill because when people do it, they need the ability to
produce skill because when people do it,
they need the ability to produce written or spoken language (Harmer, 1998: 44).
The reason for teaching reading to the students is because it belongs to the
basic language skills in English, just as important as speaking, listening, and
writing. Besides, reading is closely related with other subjects. Most of the
materials given by the teacher (in English or other subjects) are presented in
written form, for example in handbook, handout, et cetera. It means that to
understand the materials, the students must have the ability to look at and get
the meaning of written text, that is called reading skill.
Reading,
which belongs to receptive skill, can be defined as a process whereby one looks
at and understands what has been written (Williams, 1999: 2). It means that,
when someone reads, he looks at something written and tries to get the meaning
to understand it. Because of that reading is very important to be thaugt to the
student. We need to know about what the paragraph when we want to understand about
our reading, so we will know what the meaning of text or other. What
is this paragraph about?" Did you say to yourself, "This paragraph is
about different ways to organize a paragraph"? That is the topic.
The students' difficulties
in reading were caused by some factors that might come from the students and
the teacher. Most of the students admitted that they often felt bored when they
had to read a text, especially a long and uninteresting topic text. In the
class, some students were sometimes seemed to lean over their head on the table
and talk each other. They just paid attention to the teacher when they did
exercises but if the time given to do it was too long, they began to be noisy
again. When they read a long text, they were not so interested because they
often did not understand the meaning of the words used in the text. It was difficult
for them to understand the content of the text. However, they were reluctant to
bring the dictionary. They just waited until the teacher explained it for them
or asked them about the difficult words. Besides, there were some problems that
came from the teacher. Actually, the teacher's way in explaining the materials
was clear enough but she was too rivet on the textbook. She usually taught
using conventional way by staying in class and doing the exercises on the
handbook. She used various techniques and media in teaching rarely. So, the
students felt that English lesson was boring. All of those factors made the
students to have low motivation in learning English, especiallyreading.
From the above
explanation,we can infer that each student has certain tendency and capability
in using certain learning strategies, therefore the use of various learning
strategies influenced by their family background, experience, and character. In
order words, strategy that is useful to student might not be useful to others.
Since students have their own strategy characteristic,they will have different
learning strategies that are useful and comfortable for them.
B.
The Identification of problem
Based
on the background above, the research identifies the problem as follow:
1.
The student get difficulties in reading to understanding about paragraph
2.
Identify topic of paragraph
3.
There are many kind of strategies
C.
The formulation of Problem
1.
What is paragraph ?
2.
What is topic of paragraph?
3.
How to understanding about paragraph?
D.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is :
1.
Describing about what the meaning of paragraph
2.
Describing about topic of paragraph
3.
To understand about paragraph in reading
E.
Advantage
In this paper have a good advantage, it
expected how to understand :
1.
Giving knowledge about paragraph
2.
Giving knowledge about topic of paragraph
3.
To increase about understanding of paragraph in reading
CHAPTER
II
UNDERSTANDING
PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a group of sentences
that are all about the same thing. That is,they all have the same topic.
Ia this a paragraph?
In the trobiand island, people do
not celebrate birthdays. When a boy is about 14 or 15, he moves out of his
parents house. Each canoe takes about 18 month to make. Boys and girl may live
together for period of days, week or month. Most of islanders have no idea when
they were born or how old they are. That way,they have a chance to find out if
they are the right people for each other. When it is finally finished, it is
named and specials ceremonies are held to give it magic powers. This also about
the age that he begins to work on his own garden.
Example
a is not a paragraph because the sentences about the several aspects of life in
the trobriand island. Together,the sentences make no sense.
Is this a paragraph?
In
the trobiand island, the yam is both an important food plant and an important
part of the culture. Every village has “yam house” with a giant four-food yam
hanging from the ceiling. It represent wealth and well-being for the village,
life and streght for the people. Villagers take great pride in their gardens,
especially their yam plants. The yam harvest is one of the high point of the
year and also the focus for many traditions. For example, the harvest is always
carried out by women. When they are bringing the yam in from the garden all
together, no man is supposed to meet them. Any man will be chased, attacked and
treated as a fool.
What
is different betweel example a and example b?
Example
b is a paragraph because all the sentences are about the same aspects of lif
(yam) in the trobiand island.
A paragraph is a group of sentences
related to a particular topic, or central theme. Every paragraph has a key
concept or main idea. The main idea is the most important piece of information
the author wants you to know about the concept of that paragraph.
When
authors write they have an idea in mind that they are trying to get across.
This is especially true as authors compose paragraphs. An author organizes each
paragraph's main idea and supporting details in support of the topic or central
theme, and each paragraph supports the paragraph preceding it.
A writer will
state his/her main idea explicitly somewhere in the paragraph. That main idea
may be stated at the beginning of the paragraph, in the middle, or at the end.
The sentence in which the main idea is stated is the topic sentence
of that paragraph.
When you read paragraph
you always ask yourself” what is this about?”that question will lead you to the
topic of the paragraph and what is the main idea? The main idea of a paragraph
is the author’s idea about the topic. It is always a complete sentences that
includes both the topic and the idea that the author wishes to express about
the topic.
Textbook
chapters, articles, paragraphs, sentences, or passages all have topics and main
ideas. The topic is the broad, general theme or message. It is
what some call the subject. The main idea is the "key
concept" being expressed. Details, major and minor, support
the main idea by telling how, what, when, where, why, how much, or how many.
Locating the topic, main idea, and supporting details helps you understand the
point(s) the writer is attempting to express. Identifying the relationship
between these will increase your comprehension. The topic sentence
announces the general theme ( or portion of the theme) to be dealt with in the
paragraph. Although the topic sentence may appear anywhere in the paragraph, it
is usually first - and for a very good reason. This sentence provides the focus
for the writer while writing and for the reader while reading. When you find
the topic sentence, be sure to underline it so that it will stand out not only
now, but also later when you review.
Identifying
the Topic:
The first thing you must be able to do to get at the main idea of a
paragraph is to identify the topic - the subject of the paragraph. Think of the
paragraph as a wheel with the topic being the hub - the central core around
which the whole wheel (or paragraph) spins. Your strategy for topic
identification is simply to ask yourself the question, "What is this
about?" Keep asking yourself that question as you read a paragraph, until
the answer to your question becomes clear. Sometimes you can spot the topic by
looking for a word or two that repeat. Usually you can state the topic in a few
words.
Let us try this topic-finding strategy. Reread the first paragraph on
this page - the first paragraph under the heading Grasping the Main Idea.
Ask yourself the question, "What is this paragraph about?" To answer,
say to yourself in your mind, "The author keeps talking about paragraphs
and the way they are designed. This must be the topic - paragraph
organization." Reread the second paragraph of the same section. Ask yourself
"What is this paragraph about?" Did you say to yourself, "This
paragraph is about different ways to organize a paragraph"? That is the
topic. Next, reread the third paragraph and see if you can find the topic of
the paragraph. How? Write the topic in the margin next to this paragraph.
Remember, getting the main idea of a paragraph is crucial to reading.
The bulk of an expository paragraph is made up of
supporting sentences (major and minor details), which help to explain or prove
the main idea. These sentences present facts, reasons, examples, definitions,
comparison, contrasts, and other pertinent details. They are most important
because they sell the main idea.
The last sentence of a paragraph is likely to be a concluding sentence.
It is used to sum up a discussion, to emphasize a point, or to restate all or
part of the topic sentence so as to bring the paragraph to a close. The last
sentence may also be a transitional sentence leading to the next paragraph.
Of course, the paragraphs you'll be reading will be part of some longer
piece of writing - a textbook chapter, a section of a chapter, or a newspaper
or magazine article. Besides expository paragraphs, in which new information is
presented and discussed, these longer writings contain three types of
paragraphs: introductory, transitional, and summarizing.
Introductory paragraphs tell you, in
advance, such things as (1) the main ideas of the chapter or section; (2) the
extent or limits of the coverage; (3) how the topic is developed; and (4) the
writer's attitude toward the topic. Transitional paragraphs are
usually short; their sole function is to tie together what you have read so far
and what is to come - to set the stage for succeeding ideas of the chapter or
section. Summarizing paragraphs are used to restate briefly the
main ideas of the chapter or section. The writer may also draw some conclusion
from these ideas, or speculate on some conclusion based on the evidence he/she
has presented.
All three types should alert you: the introductory paragraph
of things to come; the transitional paragraph of a new topic; and the
summarizing paragraph of main ideas that you should have gotten.
Applying
Strategy
The successful communication of any author's topic is only as good as
the organization the author uses to build and define his/her subject matter.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A.
CONCLUSSIONS
If this papers gives positive result, for
student ,it is expected that this technique will help them,improve their
reading skill. The student will be able to:
- Understand the
vocabularies used in the text by looking at its context
- Understand the main idea of the text by skimming
- Understand the detail information of the text by scanning
- Understand the goal, the parts, and the language features of text
B.
SUGGESTION
Based on those definitions above, strategies are any tools or tactics
that employ to learn more effectively and more autonomously. All of those
factors made the students to have low motivation in learning English, especially
reading.To improve the students' motivation in learning
Skimming Technique
Definition of Skimming Technique is
Skimming means looking for general and main ideas, in
important points in a reading.
Purpose of Skimming Technique
•
To recognized the reading topics.
•
To know people’s opinions.
•
To get the important part that we need without having
treat the whole thing.
•
To find out the organization of writing, the order of
the main idea and how it all arranged in the unity of mind and look for links
turf reading it.
•
For refresher ever read, for example for preparing
for exams or before delivering a lecture.
Function of Skimming Technique
Skimming is also usefull a reading proces. As for some the
reasons, why skimming can be done without having to worry too much loss of
meaning is:
1.
Most words have only a few key word into the structure
forming.
2.
The reading materials is thick enough, not all parts have the
same difficulty level.
3.
There are certain word
that are very important an instrumental in shaping the structure of the
sentece subject and predicate.
Over plus
Which skimming we can master the containts of the book is
generally well within a short time to prepare for more demanding reading of
cocentration.
How Do Skimming
1.
Read a book cover that normally explaint the theme of the
book and why it is important to you.
2.
Read the introductions, because preface is often very
important because the author usually explaints the process of writting the book
from start to finish and approaches used.
3.
Read the table of containts.
4.
Read the chapter titles, subtitles and headings.
5.
Observe diagrams, pictures, and more informations.
